Waterton Lakes National Park: landscape and origins
At 505 square kilometres (195 sq mi), Waterton Lakes is the smallest park in the Canadian Rockies, and the only one where the prairie runs straight into the mountain wall without foothills.
The park lies at one of the narrowest points of the Rocky Mountain chain, in the Crown of the Continent ecosystem. The abrupt transition between plains and high mountains produces a diversity of species that the park authority describes as unmatched in Canada for such a small area.
On 30 May 1895 the federal government protected 140 square kilometres (54 sq mi) as Dominion Forest Park, Canada’s fourth national park. Oil had been found here before that: in 1902 the "Original Discovery No. 1" well in the Cameron Valley produced 300 barrels a day, and the oil company’s settlement grew into today’s town.
In 1931 Rotarians from Alberta and Montana met at the Prince of Wales Hotel and voted unanimously to call for an international peace park. In 1932 both countries made it law: the world’s first peace park.
Three more designations have followed since: biosphere reserve in 1979, UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 and full certification as a dark sky park in 2021, the first cross-border designation of its kind anywhere.
On 11 September 2017 the Kenow Fire reached the park. It burned about 35,000 hectares, 19,303 hectares of them inside the park boundaries, almost two fifths of its area. The traces are still visible today, and one campground has been closed ever since.
Peace park, World Heritage, biosphere and dark sky park ↗
The park in numbers
- Area
- 505 km² (195 sq mi), the smallest park in the Canadian Rockies
- Established
- 30 May 1895, initially 140 km² (54 sq mi); Canada’s fourth national park
- Location
- South-western Alberta, on the border with Montana
- Peace park
- since 1932 together with Glacier National Park, Montana
- UNESCO World Heritage
- since 6 December 1995, criteria vii and ix
- Biosphere reserve
- since 1979, Canada’s second
- Dark sky park
- fully certified in 2021, the first cross-border designation by DarkSky International
- Biodiversity
- over 250 bird, more than 60 mammal, 24 fish and 10 reptile and amphibian species
- Kenow Fire 2017
- 19,303 hectares burned in the park










